북극해 연안의 나무가 없는 평원 지대로, 하층토가 일년 내내 얼어 있는 동토대.
A vast, flat, treeless Arctic region of Europe, Asia, and North America in which the subsoil is permanently frozen.
예문:
"The melting of the permafrost in the Arctic tundra is a significant indicator of global warming."
"Caribou migrate across the vast tundra in search of lichen and other vegetation during the summer months."
"The harsh climate of the tundra prevents the growth of tall trees, resulting in a landscape dominated by mosses and shrubs."